POLICY STATEMENT

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Services E-mail this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation

PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 2 February 2001, pp. 423-426

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS:
Children, Adolescents, and Television

Committee on Public Education

	ABSTRACT

Top Abstract Recommendation References

This statement describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system and the v-chip (electronic device to block programming), media education is an effective approach to mitigating these potential problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics offers a list of recommendations on this issue for pediatricians and for parents, the federal government, and the entertainment industry.

For the past 15 years, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has expressed its concerns about the amount of time children and adolescents spend viewing television and the content of what they view.¹ According to recent Nielsen Media Research data, the average child or adolescent watches an average of nearly 3 hours of television per day.² This figure does not include time spent watching videotapes or playing video games³ (a 1999 study found that children spend an average of 6 hours 32 minutes per day with various media combined).⁴ By the time the average person reaches age 70, he or she will have spent the equivalent of 7 to 10 years watching television.⁵ One recent study found that 32% of 2- to 7-year-olds and 65% of 8- to 18-year-olds have television sets in their bedrooms.⁴ Time spent with various media may displace other more active and meaningful pursuits, such as reading, exercising, or playing with friends.

Although there are potential benefits from viewing some television shows, such as the promotion of positive aspects of social behavior (eg, sharing, manners, and cooperation), many negative health effects also can result. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the messages conveyed through television, which influence their perceptions and behaviors.⁶ Many younger children cannot discriminate between what they see and what is real. Research has shown primary negative health effects on violence and aggressive behavior^7-12; sexuality^7,13-15; academic performance¹⁶; body concept and self-image^17-19; nutrition, dieting, and obesity^17,20,21; and substance use and abuse patterns.⁷

In the scientific literature on media violence, the connection of media violence to real-life aggressive behavior and violence has been substantiated.^8-12 As much as 10% to 20% of real-life violence may be attributable to media violence.²² The recently completed 3-year National Television Violence Study found the following: 1) nearly two thirds of all programming contains violence; 2) children's shows contain the most violence; 3) portrayals of violence are usually glamorized; and 4) perpetrators often go unpunished.²³ A recent comprehensive analysis of music videos found that nearly one fourth of all Music Television (MTV) videos portray overt violence and depict weapon carrying.²⁴ Research has shown that even television news can traumatize children or lead to nightmares.²⁵ In a random survey of parents with children in kindergarten through sixth grade, 37% reported that their child had been frightened or upset by a television story in the preceding year.²⁶

According to a recent content analysis, mainstream television programming contains large numbers of references to cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs.²⁷ One fourth of all MTV videos contain alcohol or tobacco use.²⁸ A longitudinal study found a positive correlation between television and music video viewing and alcohol consumption among teens.²⁹ Finally, content analyses show that children and teenagers continue to be bombarded with sexual imagery and innuendoes in programming and advertising.^14,30,31 To date, there are no data available to substantiate the behavioral impact of this exposure.³¹

The new television ratings system and the v-chip are tools that can help protect children from potentially harmful content. All new television sets with screens measuring 13 inches or greater contain a v-chip that enables parents to program televisions to block out any shows that they deem inappropriate for their children.³² To block out television shows, parents must use the television ratings system, which has age and content descriptors for violence, sexual situations, suggestive dialogue, and adult language. Although the ratings system and the v-chip can assist parents, ongoing evaluation is necessary to ensure that these tools are as effective as possible.^33-35 For example, the ratings should be applied uniformly and listed in television guides, newspapers, and journals so parents know what they mean.

Besides the v-chip, there are other means of protecting children from what is on television. Evidence now shows that media education can help mitigate the harmful effects of media violence^36-40 and alcohol advertising^41,42 on children and adolescents. Media education programs have been included in the school curricula beginning in early elementary school in many states across the United States.⁴³

Furthermore, continued support of the Children's Television Act of 1990⁴⁴ and additional regulations made in 1996⁴⁵ will help to ensure the airing of television programs specifically designated for children. The act requires broadcasters to air educational and informational programming for children at least 3 hours per week and to limit the amount of advertising time allowed during children's programming. The shows must be labeled E/I (for educational and informational) on the television screen.

	RECOMMENDATIONS

Top Abstract Recommendation References

The following recommendations are given for pediatricians and other health care professionals:

1. Remain knowledgeable about the effects of television, including violent and aggressive behavior, obesity, poor body concept and self-image, substance use, and early sexual activity, by becoming involved in the AAP Media Matters campaign.⁴⁶ Educate patients and their parents about these effects.
2. Use the AAP Media History form⁴⁶ to help parents recognize the extent of their children's media consumption.
3. Work with local schools to implement comprehensive media-education programs that deal with important public health issues.³⁶
4. Serve as good role models by using television appropriately and by implementing reading programs using volunteer readers in waiting rooms and hospital inpatient units.
5. Become involved in the AAP's Media Resource Team (contact the Division of Public Education), and learn how to work effectively with writers, directors, and producers to make media more appropriate for children and adolescents. Contact networks and producers of television programs with concerns about the content of specific shows and episodes.
6. Ensure that appropriate entertainment options are available for hospitalized children and adolescents. Work with child life staff to assemble a screening committee that selects programs for closed circuit broadcast or a video library. Develop institution-specific, formal guidelines based on the established ratings system (which takes profanity, sex, and violence into account), and screen for content containing ethnic and sex role stereotyping. Considerations should also be made to avoid themes hospitalized children might find upsetting, and efforts should be made to enforce the ratings system in the hospital setting.
7. Support the Children's Television Act of 1990 and its 1996 rules by working to ensure that local television stations are in compliance with the act and by urging local newspapers to list ratings and E/I denotations of programs.
8. Monitor the television ratings system for appropriateness and advocate for substantive, content-based ratings in the future.

Pediatricians should recommend the following guidelines for parents:

1. Limit children's total media time (with entertainment media) to no more than 1 to 2 hours of quality programming per day.
2. Remove television sets from children's bedrooms.
3. Discourage television viewing for children younger than 2 years, and encourage more interactive activities that will promote proper brain development, such as talking, playing, singing, and reading together.
4. Monitor the shows children and adolescents are viewing. Most programs should be informational, educational, and nonviolent.
5. View television programs along with children, and discuss the content. Two recent surveys involving a total of nearly 1500 parents found that less than half of parents reported always watching television with their children.^5,47
6. Use controversial programming as a stepping-off point to initiate discussions about family values, violence, sex and sexuality, and drugs.
7. Use the videocassette recorder wisely to show or record high-quality, educational programming for children.
8. Support efforts to establish comprehensive media-education programs in schools.
9. Encourage alternative entertainment for children, including reading, athletics, hobbies, and creative play.

Pediatricians should lead efforts in their communities to do the following:

1. Form coalitions including libraries, religious organizations, and other community groups to broaden media education beyond the schools.
2. Organize activities promoting media education, such as letter-writing campaigns to local television stations to advocate for better programming for children, and developing local TV turnoff week projects.⁴⁸

Pediatricians should work with the Academy and local chapters to challenge the federal government to do the following:

1. Initiate legislation and rules that would ban alcohol advertising from television.
2. Fund ongoing annual research, such as the National Television Violence Study, and fund more research on the effects of television on children and adolescents, particularly in the area of sex and sexuality.
3. Assemble a National Institutes of Health Comprehensive Report on Children, Adolescents, and Media that would bring together all of the current relevant research.
4. Work with the US Department of Education to support the creation and implementation of media-education curricula for school children.

Pediatricians should work with the Academy and local chapters to challenge the entertainment industry to do the following:

1. Take responsibility for the programming it produces.
2. Adhere to the current television ratings system, and label programs conscientiously.
3. Collaborate with other public health advocates to convene a series of seminars with writers, directors, and producers to discuss ways to make media more appropriate for children and adolescents.
4. Produce more educational programming for children and adolescents, and ensure that the programming it produces is of higher quality, with less content that is gratuitously violent, sexually suggestive, or drug oriented.

Committee on Public Education, 2000-2001

Miriam E. Bar-on, MD, Chairperson

Daniel D. Broughton, MD

Susan Buttross, MD

Suzanne Corrigan, MD

Alberto Gedissman, MD

M. Rosario González de Rivas, MD

Michael Rich, MD, MPH

Donald L. Shifrin, MD

Liaisons

Michael Brody, MD

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Brian Wilcox, PhD

American Psychological Association

Consultants

Marjorie Hogan, MD

H. James Holroyd, MD

Linda Reid, MD

S. Norman Sherry, MD

Victor Strasburger, MD

Staff

Jennifer Stone

	FOOTNOTES

The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.

	ABBREVIATIONS

AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; MTV, Music Television; E/I, educational/informational.

	REFERENCES

Top Abstract Recommendation References

1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Children, and Television. Children, adolescents and television. News and Comment. December 1984;35:8
2. 1998 Report on Television. New York, NY. Nielsen Media Research; 1998.
3. Mares ML Children's use of VCRs. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Science. 1998; 557:120-131
4. Roberts DF, Foehr UG, Rideout VJ, Brodie, M. Kids and Media at the New Millennium: A Comprehensive National Analysis of Children's Media Use. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Report; 1999
5. Strasburger VC Children, adolescents, and the media: five crucial issues . Adolesc Med 1993; 4:479-493
6. Gerbner G, Gross L, Morgan M, Signorielli N. Growing up with television: the cultivation perspective. In Bryant J, Zillmann D, eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:17-41
7. Strasburger VC "Sex, drugs, rock'n'roll," and the media: are the media responsible for adolescent behavior? Adolesc Med 1997; 8:403-414
8. Strasburger VC. Adolescents and the Media: Medical and Psychological Impact. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995
9. Huston AC, Donnerstein E, Fairchild H, et al. Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press; 1992
10. Donnerstein E, Linz D The mass media: a role in injury causation and prevention. Adolesc Med 1995; 6:271-284
11. Eron LR Media violence. Pediatr Ann 1995; 24:84-87
12. Willis E, Strasburger VC Media violence. Pediatr Clin North Am 1998; 45:319-331
13. Kunkel D, Cope KM, Farinola WJM, Biely E, Rollin E, Donnerstein E. Sex on TV: Content and Context. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 1999
14. Huston AC, Wartella E, Donnerstein E. Measuring, the Effects of Sexual Content in the Media. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Report; 1998
15. Brown JD, Greenberg BS, Buerkel-Rothfuss NL Mass media, sex and sexuality. Adolesc Med. 1993; 4:511-525
16. Morgan M Television and school performance. Adolesc Med 1993; 4:607-622
17. Harrison K, Cantor J The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. J Commun 1997; 47:40-67
18. Signorelli N Sex roles and stereotyping on television. Adolesc Med. 1993; 4:551-561
19. A Different World. Children's Perceptions of Race and Class in the Media. Oakland, CA: Children Now; 1998
20. Andersen RE, Crespo CJ, Bartlett SJ, Cheskin LJ, Pratt M Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Study. JAMA 1998; 279:938-942
21. Jeffrey RW, French SA Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing? Am J Public Health 1998; 88:277-280
22. Comstock GC, Strasburger VC Media violence: Q & A. Adolesc Med 1993; 4:495-509
23. Federman J, ed. National Television Violence Study. Vol 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998
24. DuRant RH, Rich M, Emans SJ, Rome ES, Allred E, Woods ER Violence and weapon carrying in music videos: a content analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997; 151:443-448
25. Cantor J. "Mommy, I'm Scared": How TV and Movies Frighten Children and What We Can Do to Protect Them. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace; 1998
26. Cantor J, Nathanson AI Children's fright reactions to television news . J Commun. 1996; 46:139-152
27. Gerbner G, Ozyegin N. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drugs in Entertainment Television, Commercials, News, "Reality Shows," Movies, and Music Channels. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 1997
28. DuRant RH, Rome ES, Rich M, Allred E, Emans SJ, Woods ER Tobacco and alcohol use behaviors portrayed in music videos: a content analysis. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87:1131-1135
29. Robinson TN, Chen HL, Killen JD. Television and music video exposure and risk of adolescent alcohol use. Pediatrics [serial online]. 1998;102:e54. Available at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/5/e54. Accessed May 2, 2000.
30. Brown JD, Steele, JR. Sex and the Mass Media. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 1995
31. Kunkel D, Cope KM, Colvin C. Sexual Messages on Family Hour Television: Content and Context. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 1996
32. Telecommunications Act of., Pub L No. 104-104, 1996.
33. Cantor J. Ratings for program content: the role of research findings. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Science. 1998;557:54-69
34. Kunkel D, Farinola WJM, Cope KM, Donnerstein E et al. Rating, the TV Ratings: One Year Out. An Assessment of the Television Industry's Use of V-Chip Ratings. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 1998
35. Parents Rate the TV Ratings. Minneapolis, MN: National Institute on Media and the Family; 1998
36. Potter WJ. Media Literacy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998
37. Huesman LR, Eron LD, Klein R, Brice P, Fischer P Mitigating, the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children's attitudes about media violence . J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983; 44:899-910
38. Gunter B. The question of media violence. In: Bryant J, Zillmann D, eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:163-211
39. Kubey RW. Television dependence, diagnosis, and prevention. In: MacBeth TM, ed. Tuning in to Young Viewers: Social Science Perspectives on Television. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1996:221-260
40. Singer DG, Singer JL Developing critical viewing skills and media literacy in children. In: Jordan AB, Jamieson KH, eds. Children and television. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Science. 1998; 557:164-179
41. Austin EW, Johnson KK Effects of general and alcohol-specific media literacy training on children's decision making about alcohol. J Health Commun 1997; 2:17-42
42. Austin EW, Pinkleton BE, Fujioka Y The role of interpretation processes and parental discussion in the media's effects on adolescents' use of alcohol. Pediatrics. 2000; 105:343-349
43. Kubey R, Baker F. Has media literacy found a curricular foothold? Education Week. 1999;19:38,56
44. Children's Television Act. 47 USC §303a, 303b, 394
45. Revision of Programming Policies for Television Broadcast Stations. Washington, DC. Federal Communications Commission; August 8, 1996. FCC 96-335 (MM Docket 93-48)
46. American Academy of Pediatrics. Media Matters: A National Media Education Campaign. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1997
47. Valerio M, Amodio P, Dal Zio M, Vianello A, Zacchello GP The use of television in 2- to 8-year-old children and the attitude of parents about such use . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151:22-26
48. TV Turnoff Network Web site. Available at: http://www.tvturnoff.org.Accessed December 27, 2000

---

Pediatrics (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright ©2001 by the American Academy of Pediatrics

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. A. Thompson, E. M. S. Sibinga, J. M. Jennings, M. H. Bair-Merritt, and D. A. Christakis Television Viewing by Young Hispanic Children: Evidence of Heterogeneity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2010; 164(2): 174 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S S. Hawkins, T J Cole, C Law, and The Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group Examining the relationship between maternal employment and health behaviours in 5-year-old British children J Epidemiol Community Health, December 1, 2009; 63(12): 999 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. McWilliams, S. C. Ball, S. E. Benjamin, D. Hales, A. Vaughn, and D. S. Ward Best-Practice Guidelines for Physical Activity at Child Care Pediatrics, December 1, 2009; 124(6): 1650 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Christakis and M. M. Garrison Preschool-Aged Children's Television Viewing in Child Care Settings Pediatrics, December 1, 2009; 124(6): 1627 - 1632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Alamian and G. Paradis Correlates of Multiple Chronic Disease Behavioral Risk Factors in Canadian Children and Adolescents Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2009; 170(10): 1279 - 1289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M Steele, E. M. van Sluijs, A. Cassidy, S. J Griffin, and U. Ekelund Targeting sedentary time or moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity: independent relations with adiposity in a population-based sample of 10-y-old British children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2009; 90(5): 1185 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Manganello and C. A. Taylor Television Exposure as a Risk Factor for Aggressive Behavior Among 3-Year-Old Children Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, November 1, 2009; 163(11): 1037 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Council on Communications and Media Impact of Music, Music Lyrics, and Music Videos on Children and Youth Pediatrics, November 1, 2009; 124(5): 1488 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Taveras, K. H. Hohman, S. Price, S. L. Gortmaker, and K. Sonneville Televisions in the Bedrooms of Racial/Ethnic Minority Children: How Did They Get There and How Do We Get Them Out? Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2009; 48(7): 715 - 719. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Lohaus, M. Vierhaus, and J. Ball Parenting Styles and Health-Related Behavior in Childhood and Early Adolescence: Results of a Longitudinal Study The Journal of Early Adolescence, August 1, 2009; 29(4): 449 - 475. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. Martinez-Gomez, J. Tucker, K. A. Heelan, G. J. Welk, and J. C. Eisenmann Associations Between Sedentary Behavior and Blood Pressure in Young Children Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2009; 163(8): 724 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Daley Can Exergaming Contribute to Improving Physical Activity Levels and Health Outcomes in Children? Pediatrics, August 1, 2009; 124(2): 763 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Preventi Role of the Pediatrician in Youth Violence Prevention Pediatrics, July 1, 2009; 124(1): 393 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Kourlaba, K. Kondaki, T. Liarigkovinos, and Y. Manios Factors associated with television viewing time in toddlers and preschoolers in Greece: the GENESIS study J Public Health, June 1, 2009; 31(2): 222 - 230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Christakis, J. Gilkerson, J. A. Richards, F. J. Zimmerman, M. M. Garrison, D. Xu, S. Gray, and U. Yapanel Audible Television and Decreased Adult Words, Infant Vocalizations, and Conversational Turns: A Population-Based Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2009; 163(6): 554 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Funk, J. Brouwer, K. Curtiss, and E. McBroom Parents of Preschoolers: Expert Media Recommendations and Ratings Knowledge, Media-Effects Beliefs, and Monitoring Practices Pediatrics, March 1, 2009; 123(3): 981 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Mota, J. C. Ribeiro, and M. P. Santos Obese girls differences in neighbourhood perceptions, screen time and socioeconomic status according to level of physical activity Health Educ. Res., February 1, 2009; 24(1): 98 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Barkin, S. A. Finch, E. H. Ip, B. Scheindlin, J. A. Craig, J. Steffes, V. Weiley, E. Slora, D. Altman, and R. C. Wasserman Is Office-Based Counseling About Media Use, Timeouts, and Firearm Storage Effective? Results From a Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial Pediatrics, July 1, 2008; 122(1): e15 - e25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Bergsma and M. E. Carney Effectiveness of health-promoting media literacy education: a systematic review Health Educ. Res., June 1, 2008; 23(3): 522 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Mark and I. Janssen Relationship between screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents J Public Health, June 1, 2008; 30(2): 153 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Granich, M. Rosenberg, M. Knuiman, and A. Timperio Understanding children's sedentary behaviour: a qualitative study of the family home environment Health Educ. Res., May 22, 2008; (2008) cyn025v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Mendelsohn, S. B. Berkule, S. Tomopoulos, C. S. Tamis-LeMonda, H. S. Huberman, J. Alvir, and B. P. Dreyer Infant Television and Video Exposure Associated With Limited Parent-Child Verbal Interactions in Low Socioeconomic Status Households Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 2008; 162(5): 411 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Moses Impacts of television viewing on young children's literacy development in the USA: A review of the literature Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, April 1, 2008; 8(1): 67 - 102. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. A. Anderson The Production of Media Violence and Aggression Research: A Cultural Analysis American Behavioral Scientist, April 1, 2008; 51(8): 1260 - 1279. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. M. Taveras, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, E. Oken, E. P. Gunderson, and M. W. Gillman Short Sleep Duration in Infancy and Risk of Childhood Overweight Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2008; 162(4): 305 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Barr-Anderson, P. van den Berg, D. Neumark-Sztainer, and M. Story Characteristics Associated With Older Adolescents Who Have a Television in Their Bedrooms Pediatrics, April 1, 2008; 121(4): 718 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Gortmaker Innovations to Reduce Television and ComputerTime and Obesity in Childhood Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, March 1, 2008; 162(3): 283 - 284. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Meriwether, F. Lobelo, and R. R. Pate Themed Review: Clinical Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Youth American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 7 - 25. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Price Parent-Child Quality Time: Does Birth Order Matter? J. Human Resources, January 1, 2008; 43(1): 240 - 265. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. B. Jordan and T. N. Robinson Children, Television Viewing, and Weight Status: Summary and Recommendations from an Expert Panel Meeting The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 1, 2008; 615(1): 119 - 132. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. E. Barlow and and the Expert Committee Expert Committee Recommendations Regarding the Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Summary Report Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(Supplement_4): S164 - S192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Spear, S. E. Barlow, C. Ervin, D. S. Ludwig, B. E. Saelens, K. E. Schetzina, and E. M. Taveras Recommendations for Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(Supplement_4): S254 - S288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Christakis and F. J. Zimmerman Violent Television Viewing During Preschool Is Associated With Antisocial Behavior During School Age Pediatrics, November 1, 2007; 120(5): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Christakis, F. J. Zimmerman, and M. M. Garrison Effect of Block Play on Language Acquisition and Attention in Toddlers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, October 1, 2007; 161(10): 967 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Scully, H. Dixon, V. White, and K. Beckmann Dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Australian secondary students in 2005 Health Promot. Int., September 1, 2007; 22(3): 236 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Landhuis, R. Poulton, D. Welch, and R. J. Hancox Does Childhood Television Viewing Lead to Attention Problems in Adolescence? Results From a Prospective Longitudinal Study Pediatrics, September 1, 2007; 120(3): 532 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. S. Goldfield, R. Mallory, T. Parker, T. Cunningham, C. Legg, A. Lumb, K. Parker, D. Prud'homme, and K. B. Adamo Effects of Modifying Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Psychosocial Adjustment in Overweight/Obese Children J. Pediatr. Psychol., August 1, 2007; 32(7): 783 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Bagby and S. Adams Evidence-Based Practice Guideline: Increasing Physical Activity in Schools--Kindergarten Through 8th Grade The Journal of School Nursing, June 1, 2007; 23(3): 137 - 143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Schonwald More TV = Less Reading AAP Grand Rounds, June 1, 2007; 17(6): 68 - 69. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tanimura, K. Okuma, and K. Kyoshima Television Viewing, Reduced Parental Utterance, and Delayed Speech Development in Infants and Young Children Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2007; 161(6): 618 - 619. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. D. Margeirsdottir, J. R. Larsen, C. Brunborg, L. Sandvik, K. Dahl-Jorgensen, and for the Norwegian Study Group for Childhood Diabet Strong Association Between Time Watching Television and Blood Glucose Control in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, June 1, 2007; 30(6): 1567 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G. Johnson, P. Cohen, S. Kasen, and J. S. Brook Extensive Television Viewing and the Development of Attention and Learning Difficulties During Adolescence Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 2007; 161(5): 480 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Vandewater, V. J. Rideout, E. A. Wartella, X. Huang, J. H. Lee, and M.-s. Shim Digital Childhood: Electronic Media and Technology Use Among Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Pediatrics, May 1, 2007; 119(5): e1006 - e1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Di Salvo, L. Perrone, and R. Calabro Traditional diet hope for our children: reply Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2007; 28(5): 638 - 639. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Sharif and J. D. Sargent Lack of Association Between Video Game Exposure and School Performance: In Reply Pediatrics, February 1, 2007; 119(2): 413 - 414. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Smaldone, J. C. Honig, and M. W. Byrne Sleepless in America: Inadequate Sleep and Relationships to Health and Well-being of Our Nation's Children Pediatrics, February 1, 2007; 119(Supplement_1): S29 - S37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Etzel Passive Exposure to TV Linked to Sleep Problems in Children AAP Grand Rounds, December 1, 2006; 16(6): 70 - 71. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Committee on Communications Children, Adolescents, and Advertising Pediatrics, December 1, 2006; 118(6): 2563 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Nelson, D. Neumark-Stzainer, P. J. Hannan, J. R. Sirard, and M. Story Longitudinal and Secular Trends in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During Adolescence Pediatrics, December 1, 2006; 118(6): e1627 - e1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. R. Thakkar, M. M. Garrison, and D. A. Christakis A Systematic Review for the Effects of Television Viewing by Infants and Preschoolers Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): 2025 - 2031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Jordan, J. C. Hersey, J. A. McDivitt, and C. D. Heitzler Reducing Children's Television-Viewing Time: A Qualitative Study of Parents and Their Children Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): e1303 - e1310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Connor Food-Related Advertising on Preschool Television: Building Brand Recognition in Young Viewers Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): 1478 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. F. Belamarich, R. Gandica, R. E. K. Stein, and A. D. Racine Drowning in a Sea of Advice: Pediatricians and American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statements Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): e964 - e978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council Active Healthy Living: Prevention of Childhood Obesity Through Increased Physical Activity Pediatrics, May 1, 2006; 117(5): 1834 - 1842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Ashby, C. M. Arcari, and M. B. Edmonson Television Viewing and Risk of Sexual Initiation by Young Adolescents Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2006; 160(4): 375 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Lumeng, S. Rahnama, D. Appugliese, N. Kaciroti, and R. H. Bradley Television Exposure and Overweight Risk in Preschoolers Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2006; 160(4): 417 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Jordan Exploring the Impact of Media on Children: The Challenges That Remain Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2006; 160(4): 446 - 448. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Hancox and R. Poulton Potential Confounders That May Explain the Association Between Television Viewing and Poor Educational Achievement--Reply Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, January 1, 2006; 160(1): 108 - 109. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Milteer My house, my rules: Parents should control kids' media exposure AAP News, December 1, 2005; 26(12): 38 - 38. [Full Text]

				D. A. Thompson and D. A. Christakis The Association Between Television Viewing and Irregular Sleep Schedules Among Children Less Than 3 Years of Age Pediatrics, October 1, 2005; 116(4): 851 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Norman, B. A. Schmid, J. F. Sallis, K. J. Calfas, and K. Patrick Psychosocial and Environmental Correlates of Adolescent Sedentary Behaviors Pediatrics, October 1, 2005; 116(4): 908 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. L. Burdette and R. C. Whitaker A National Study of Neighborhood Safety, Outdoor Play, Television Viewing, and Obesity in Preschool Children Pediatrics, September 1, 2005; 116(3): 657 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Hancox, B. J. Milne, and R. Poulton Association of Television Viewing During Childhood With Poor Educational Achievement Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, July 1, 2005; 159(7): 614 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. J. Zimmerman and D. A. Christakis Children's Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Data Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, July 1, 2005; 159(7): 619 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Chernin and D. L. Linebarger The Relationship Between Children's Television Viewing and Academic Performance Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, July 1, 2005; 159(7): 687 - 689. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Ariza, R. S. Greenberg, S. A. LeBailly, H. J. Binns, and For The Pediatric Practice Research Group Parent Perspectives on Messages to Be Delivered After Nutritional Assessment in Pediatric Primary Care Practice Ann. Fam. Med, July 1, 2005; 3(suppl_2): S37 - S39. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Escobar-Chaves Introduction Pediatrics, July 1, 2005; 116(1/S1): 301 - 302. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. McIlhaney Jr, Problems and Solutions Associated With Media Consumption: The Role of the Practitioner Pediatrics, July 1, 2005; 116(1/S1): 327 - 328. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Neville, M. Thomas, and A. Bauman Food advertising on Australian television: the extent of children's exposure Health Promot. Int., June 1, 2005; 20(2): 105 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Gentile, C. Oberg, N. E. Sherwood, M. Story, D. A. Walsh, and M. Hogan Well-Child Visits in the Video Age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' Guidelines for Children's Media Use Pediatrics, November 1, 2004; 114(5): 1235 - 1241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. O'Brien, R. Holubkov, and E. C. Reis Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Obesity in an Academic Primary Care Center Pediatrics, August 1, 2004; 114(2): e154 - e159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. Cheng, R. A. Brenner, J. L. Wright, H. C. Sachs, P. Moyer, and M. R. Rao Children's Violent Television Viewing: Are Parents Monitoring? Pediatrics, July 1, 2004; 114(1): 94 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. W. van der Molen Violence and Suffering in Television News: Toward a Broader Conception of Harmful Television Content for Children Pediatrics, June 1, 2004; 113(6): 1771 - 1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Wiehe, H. Lynch, and K. Park Sugar High: The Marketing of Soft Drinks to America's Schoolchildren Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, March 1, 2004; 158(3): 209 - 211. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Gutgesell and N. Payne Issues of Adolescent Psychological Development in the 21st Century Pediatr. Rev., March 1, 2004; 25(3): 79 - 85. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Marsh The Techno-Literacy Practices of Young Children Journal of Early Childhood Research, February 1, 2004; 2(1): 51 - 66. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. A. Dennison, T. J. Russo, P. A. Burdick, and P. L. Jenkins An Intervention to Reduce Television Viewing by Preschool Children Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2004; 158(2): 170 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Boynton-Jarrett, T. N. Thomas, K. E. Peterson, J. Wiecha, A. M. Sobol, and S. L. Gortmaker Impact of Television Viewing Patterns on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Adolescents Pediatrics, December 1, 2003; 112(6): 1321 - 1326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. L. Burdette, R. C. Whitaker, R. S. Kahn, and J. Harvey-Berino Association of Maternal Obesity and Depressive Symptoms With Television-Viewing Time in Low-Income Preschool Children Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2003; 157(9): 894 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. C. Whitaker Obesity Prevention in Pediatric Primary Care: Four Behaviors to Target Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2003; 157(8): 725 - 727. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. B. Ebbeling, M. M. Leidig, K. B. Sinclair, J. P. Hangen, and D. S. Ludwig A Reduced-Glycemic Load Diet in the Treatment of Adolescent Obesity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2003; 157(8): 773 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Committee on Nutrition Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity Pediatrics, August 1, 2003; 112(2): 424 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L Mercer, L. W Green, A. C Rosenthal, C. G Husten, L. K. Khan, and W. H Dietz Possible lessons from the tobacco experience for obesity control Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2003; 77(4): 1073S - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Glassy, J. Romano, and Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Depend Selecting Appropriate Toys for Young Children: The Pediatrician's Role Pediatrics, April 1, 2003; 111(4): 911 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Ozmert, M. Toyran, and K. Yurdakok Behavioral Correlates of Television Viewing in Primary School Children Evaluated by the Child Behavior Checklist Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2002; 156(9): 910 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				AAP News, April 2, 2001; 18(4): 184 - 185. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. O'Keefe Academy supports efforts to loosen grip of media violence on children AAP News, February 1, 2001; 18(2): 85 - 86. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Services E-mail this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation